Beijing, People s Republic Of China Essay - 1670 Words

Taoism in china Omar Rmaili University of Business and Economics 2016 Beijing, People’s Republic of China Introduction Taoism is a very broad movement, it isnt a doctrine as such, nor a belief system, but is more like a personal experience. It is a way of living and understanding the world, away from the systematization and dogmas, which caused numerous trends. It was the historian Sima Tan (or Sima Qian) in the -I century who brought together all these trends under the name of Taoist school in his Historical Memoirs. From its beginnings we can distinguish a philosophical Taoism from a shamanistic or mystic Taoism, later and very different from these, a religious and ritual Taoism. The origins of mystical Taoism are not known exactly, the tradition goes back to the mythical Yellow Emperor (Huang di), this is the reason it was known as Huang-Lao school. Originally a mixture of soothsayers, archivists and men of techniques known as Fangshi who devoted themselves to divination, meditation, ecstatic journeys and the pursuit of longevity and immortality through physiological techniques and body exercises. This Daoism reappeared with force several times later in the first and second centuries. It should be noted that immortality does not refer to an immortal soul,(western style), but to the control of the body s tendency to decay and decompose, through alchemy sought drugs to prolong life. Philosophical daoism developed from the IV century, duringShow MoreRelatedPlan of Investigation 1501631 Words   |  7 PagesPlan of Investigation 150 To what extent did Henry Kissinger’s diplomatic actions with China play a dominant role in the United States foreign policy between the years of 1969 and 1977 regarding the Soviet Union? 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Case Study Analysis Accounting Theory

Question: Discuss about theCase Study Analysisfor Accounting Theory. Answer: Introduction The present essay aims to examine and analyse the normative ethical perspectives of teleological and deontological ethics. The case study depicts the ethical dilemma faced by Marcus, a financial accountant at Sportzs who also has a keen interest in cloths designing. The case analysis presents the right course of action that should be taken by Marcus for resolving his ethical dilemmas. In addition to this, the essay also evaluates the statement of Deegans about the value judgement of researches on the basis of normative and positive accounting theory. Ethical Issues Facing Marcus As depicted from the case study above, the main ethical issues facing Marcus are maintaining trust and lack of integrity (Mizzoni, 2009). The case study analysis shows that Marcus, a financial consultant at Sportz Ltd has a keen interest in cloths designing. Charlotte, a designer at Sportz has revealed Marcus some of the cloths designs for the coming Autumn/Winter season. Charlotte, a close friend of Marcus has taken a promise from him for keeping all the details about these designs confidential. As such, Marcus is facing ethical dilemma regarding maintaining the trust of Charlotte as he liked the designs very much and is planning to use a similar motif in designing the t-shirts that he sells at his own stalls in the local markets. The next ethical dilemma faced by Marcus is about the lack of integrity and honesty on the part of Leanne, director of Sales and Marketing at Sportz who is using unethical means to secure an overseas contract. Leanne has asked her friend to get the details of main competitor company of Sportzs for ensuring that the tender of her company is more lucrative and Sportzs gets the contract. Leanne has told Marcus that getting this contract is essential otherwise the corporate office will be closed leaving him and other 68 people unemployed. Thus, Marcus is facing ethical dilemma that whether he should support Leanne or report her unethical activities to the top management. Normative Ethical Perspectives of Teleology and Deontology Ethical philosophy is categorised as a branch of philosophy that guides the decision-making process of businesses regarding morality. In this context, the normative ethical theories such as teleological and deontological theories are used for determining whether a particular set of actions are right or wrong. Teleological theory is a theory of morality that considers the ethical perspective of considering the action that produces good or desirable outcome. Teleological ethics emphasises on achieving utmost pleasure though taking that course of action which provides greatest happiness (Pojman Fieser, 2008). On the other hand, deontological theory states that moral action of an individual is independent of the outcome achieved of good or evil. Thus, from the above discussion teleological ethics can be categorised as result-oriented theory while deontological theory can be referred to as duty-based ethics (Waluchow, 2003). Advice to Marcus of Apropriate Decisions from the Teleological Ethical Perspective of 'Ethical Egoism' Ethical egoism is a normative ethical theory that directs the behaviour of people that they should take the course of action that is in accordance with their own self-interest. The teleology perspective of ethical egoism states that it is rationale for the people to take the course of action that will benefit them. Thus, as per the ethical egoism theory Marcus is advised to take that decision that provides him good outcome. As per the teleological theory, Marcus should focus on the consequences more by selecting a particular course of action (Rhonheimer, 2000). There may be short-term and long-term consequence of Marcus as per the teleological ethical perspective of 'ethical egoism'. The short-term and long-term consequences for Marcus in the presented case as per the ethical egoism differ considerably. The short-term consequence for Marcus is that he can think of financial gain through copying designs from Charlotte through increasing sales of t-shirts and securing his job through s upporting Leanne in her unethical decision. On the other hand, the long-term consequence of this course of action can be losing the job for Marcus if Sportz Ltd identifies the copied designs that he intends to sell at his stalls in the local market. Also, The Company can be legally sued for using unethical practice for stealing the tender details of its competitor. Thus, all these consequences need to be considered by the Marcus at the time of making his final decision. These decisions are based on ethical egoism as the theory also directs an individual to that action that produces positive results. In the same context, Marcus is also advised to consider both long and short-term consequences and select that course of action that delivers him good results (Rhonheimer, 2000). Outline to Marcus from the Critics of Teleological Ethics The critics of teleological ethics considers the approach to not to be ideal in selecting a particular decisions in the case of ethical dilemmas as faced by Marcus in the present case scenario. This is because teleology only considers the best outcome to be achieved and as such Marcus would face a conflict of interest in himself in selecting the best consequences. Thus, the critics would recommend Marcus to use Kants categorical imperative, a central philosophical concept on deontological ethics for taking right decision in the above case scenario. The imperative guides an individual to select a moral action irrespective of the outcome achieved as it is morally right (Waluchow. 2003). Recommended Courses of Action for Marcus In the above case scenario, Marcus is recommended to take a particular decision on the basis of deontological theory as it will guide him to take appropriate decision. Deontological theory will guide Marcus to take morally right decision as it does not only focus on achieving positive outcome for an individual. On the basis of deontological theory, Marcus should not copy the designs but only take idea and should develops his own designs. Also, he should inform top management about Leanne unethical practices so that right action can be taken for protecting companys brand image (Mizzoni, 2009). Explaination of what Deegan means by: "...no research... is value free The Deegans statement no research... is value free means that all researches are done by considering a particular theory such as positive accounting theory etc and thus are based on value judgement (Deegan, 2014). Justification of Deegans Statement with Reference to a Normative theory, and Positive Accounting Theory The Deegans statement can be regarded as correct as researches are always based on value judgement as all perceptions are theory-laden. The authors in the researches should not try to enforce their personal opinion upon others as it is unscientific and should only provide implications of selecting a particular action. As such, all researches are based on value judgements obtained from societal theories. For example, normative accounting theory only provides suggestions to the accountants on the basis of a theoretical principle. The theory takes into account that individuals owns to select that particular course of action that are in their own self-interest and thus accountants should select specific policies that are based on theoretical principles (Deegan, 2014). Historical Cost Accounting (HCA) is a well-known normative accounting theory that assumes monetary unit to be stable and fixed all over the time. Therefore, as per the theory the book value of a particular company reflects the current value of assets. Thus, the theory is based on accounting principles and does not take into consideration about the current happenings inside it. Similarly, positive accounting theory is also value laden as it argues that accountants while undertaking a specific research should not impose their own views but provide information about the expected outcomes of selected actions. This implies that selection of a particular accounting method should be based on theoretical basis rather than personal self-opinions of the researchers. Thus, on the basis of normative and positive accounting theory Deegans statement is absolutely right as all researches are value-laden. Researches whether use Positive accounting or normative theory is based on perceptions obtained from a societal theory in guiding a particular individual about the actions that should be taken at different situations. The accountants should select a particular action on the basis of accounting frameworks rather than relying on their personal opinions and views (Chatfield and Vangermeersch, 2014). The accounting frameworks and convention plays a fundamental role in guidin g the decisions of accountants as per the Deegans statement. Thus, no research is value free that proves the stamen of Deegans to be absolutely right. Conclusion Thus, it can be summarised from the overall discussion held in the essay that organisations facing ethical dilemmas should consider the ethical perspectives of deontological ethics over teleological ethics in taking a particular decision. Also, all researches are based on theoretical perspectives and are therefore based on value judgement. References Chatfield, M. and Vangermeersch, R. 2014. The History of Accounting (RLE Accounting): An International Encylopedia. Routledge. Deegan, C. 2014. Financial Accounting Theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Mizzoni, J. 2009. Ethics: The Basics. John Wiley Sons. Pojman, L. P. Fieser, J. 2008. Cengage Advantage Books: Ethics: Discovering Right and Wrong. Cengage Learning. Rhonheimer, M. 2000. Natural Law and Practical Reason: A Thomist View of Moral Autonomy. Fordham Univ Press. Waluchow. W.J. 2003. The Dimensions of Ethics: An Introduction to Ethical Theory. Broadview Press.

Poverty and the Environment

Table of Contents Poverty and the environment World poverty Persistence of global poverty Addressing global poverty Benefits of global poverty Reference List Poverty exists when one lacks typical socially acceptable things or possessions. People who are in poverty lack basic needs vary from one context to another. The common understanding of basic needs is things necessary for continued existence. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty and the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many people around the globe face the problem of poverty. Poverty links to human population and their activities on the environment. The human population affects the environment negatively due to poverty resulting to environmental degradation and a cycle of poverty. Poverty and the environment Poverty and the environment are interlinked as poverty leads to degradation of the environment. On the other hand, the issues of pov erty eradication and degradation of the environment are often treated separately hence failure in addressing the issues effectively and reducing poverty around the globe. Human activities have led to destruction of the environment and the trend shows that there is a bleak future ahead unless the destructive activities on the environment are halted or regulated to avoid destroying the environment further as the future generations are in jeopardy (Ezeonu, 2004). For instance, people living in poverty destroy natural resources such as forests to clear land to plant food. Consequently, deforestation leads to environment challenges like flooding. Moreover, the high number of human population also causes destruction of the environment when people live on land near rivers and clear tracts of forests to inhabit. World poverty Close to forty per cent of the world’s total population live in poverty according to World Bank estimate in 2004(Whitman, 2008). Explosion in population cause s a strain on the environment and pushes millions of people into poverty. Poverty varies from one country to another and poverty in developing countries is dire than in the developed countries. Poverty depends on class, race and gender. For example, more women than men live in poverty (Kendall, 2009). The poor struggle in their lives as they are disadvantaged in the society and often face prejudice of being lazy. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More World poverty is caused by a number of factors such as inequality of resource distribution, wars and conflicts, natural disasters such as earthquakes, flooding and droughts, degradation of the environment and social inequality among others. It is important to note that the levels of world poverty have reduced with global economic growth but many people are still living in poverty. Persistence of global poverty The reasons for persis tence of world poverty are things such as discriminatory trade policies that favor only the developed countries at the international market and exploit the developing nations hence they are unable to make a profit that can be used in fighting poverty (Wade, 2004). Wars and conflicts that emerge in countries from time to time keep people in poverty for instance the war in Iraq has contributed to high levels of poverty to the citizens. Other factors such as corruption in governments make fighting poverty impossible as a few rich embezzle public funds. The continued unequal distribution of resources confines people to poverty. Furthermore, those born in poor families are unable to breakaway from the cycle as they do not get opportunities to acquire education and thus grow and live in poverty as their poor parents (Pogge, 2008). Addressing global poverty However, world poverty can be addressed by acknowledging that poverty and the environment are connected. Then look for ways of helpi ng people to acquire food without having the need to deforest. If people can access food they are can concentrate on economic activities to improve their situation. Governments should also deal with corruption because it leads to misuse of funds that would have been used to lift the standards of living of the people. The international business laws and policies should also change to give all countries a fair opportunity at the international market. More importantly, people should be empowered through training and given access to loans to start small businesses to gain a source of livelihood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty and the Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Benefits of global poverty Some countries may favor continued world poverty because it enables them to take advantage of the poor countries that depend on them by exploiting resources in such countries through multinational corpora tions. The organizations in such countries that concern themselves with the issue of poverty may never want to see poverty eradicated because they would not have any business and many of their employees would become jobless. The countries may also want poverty to continue so that they can lend loans with high interest to poor nations (Mack, 2009). Thus, world poverty may benefit a few countries. Reference List Ezeonu, I.C. Poverty and the environment: sociologizing environmental protection in sub-Saharan Africa. Review of Black Political Economy, 31(3), 33-42. Kendall. D. (2010). Social problems in a diverse society. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Mack, E. (2009). Absolute poverty and global justice: empirical data, moral theories, initiatives. New York: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Pogge, W.T. (2008). World poverty and human rights: cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. United Kingdom: Polity. Wade, R.H. (2004). On the causes of increasing world poverty and inequality, or why th e Matthew effect prevails. New Political Economy, 9 (2), 163-188.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Whitman, S. (2008). World poverty. Infobase Publishing: New York. This essay on Poverty and the Environment was written and submitted by user Tomas A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Top 8 Best Grad School Scholarships and Fellowships

Top 8 Best Grad School Scholarships and Fellowships Contrary to popular belief, a sky-high GPA is not the only way to obtain grad school scholarships. Every year, hundreds of students are awarded prestigious scholarships and fellowships that will fund their post-graduate studies partially or entirely, and not all of these students earned all A’s every time.   Key Takeaways Prestigious national and international grad school scholarships include Fulbright, Rhodes, Truman, and the Marshall.Awards committees look for well-rounded individuals with clear, concise, and achievable goals.Whether or not you earn an award, the application process can be a useful tool for determining personal and professional goals. While academic merit is important, awards committees look for students that demonstrate leadership capability, participate in extracurricular activities, volunteer, and maintain a strong sense of self. In short, the key to earning one of these scholarships is to be a well-rounded person with a clear and achievable goal.   The following is some information on the most prestigious scholarships and fellowships awarded to students on an annual basis to help you decide which scholarship is best for you.   Fulbright U.S. Student Program Annual Deadline: Early to Mid-October, check website for exact date Launched in 1946 as a way to redirect post-war financial surplus to promote cross-cultural goodwill and understanding, the Fulbright U.S. Student Program now awards an estimated 2,000 grants annually to recent university graduates. Fulbright recipients use grants to pursue international post-graduate goals, including research projects, graduate education, and teaching. Placements are available in more than 140 countries around the world. Though only citizens of the United States may apply for the U.S. Student Program, the Fulbright Program offers opportunities for working professionals and international applicants, as well.   Rhodes Scholarship Annual Deadline: First Wednesday of October The Rhodes Scholarship, established in 1902, provides full funding for students from the United States to pursue a post-graduate degree at the University of Oxford. As the oldest and arguably most prestigious international scholarship in the world, the competition for a Rhodes is exceptionally high. Applicants must first earn a nomination from their undergraduate university to be considered for the Rhodes. Out of a pool of 800-1,500 exceptional students, only 32 receive the award each year.   Marshall Scholarship Annual Deadline: Early October, check website for exact date The Marshall Scholarship annually provides up to 50 high-achieving students from the United States the opportunity to pursue a post-graduate or doctoral degree at any institution in the United Kingdom. The award includes full funding of tuition, textbook expenses, room and board, research fees, and travel between the U.S. and the U.K. for the duration of the program of study, typically two years. The award can be extended to include a third year under certain circumstances.   Barry Goldwater Scholarship Annual Deadline: Last Friday in January The Barry Goldwater Scholarship provides up to $7,500 to rising undergraduate juniors and seniors studying natural science, mathematics, or engineering who plan to pursue a career in research. Though not a grad school scholarship, many Goldwater recipients go on to receive prestigious academic awards for future studies, as the Goldwater indicates exemplary academic merit. Approximately 300 students receive the award annually. Students must be enrolled as full-time students in an accredited United State institution and hold at least sophomore status in order to be eligible.  Applicants must be citizens of the United States, U.S. nationals, or permanent residents with the intent to become U.S. citizens. Students must be nominated by a Goldwater at their university.   Harry S. Truman Scholarship Annual Deadline: First Tuesday in February Named after the 33rd president of the United States, the Truman Scholarship provides students planning on pursuing careers in public service with $30,000 to be used for graduate studies. The awards committee seeks students with strong leadership skills and a demonstrated background in public service. After completing degree programs, Truman recipients are required to work in public service for three to seven years. To receive a Truman Scholarship, students must first be nominated by faculty representative (or a faculty member willing to serve in this position) at their home university. Universities are only permitted to nominate four students each year, so larger or more academically rigorous universities might old internal competitions for qualifying students. Each year, over 600 students are nominated by their universities, and between 55 and 65 candidates are selected to receive the award. To be eligible, applicants must be United States citizens or nationals.   National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Annual Deadline: Late October or Early November, check website for exact date The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship provides a $34,000 stipend and $12,000 allowance for educational costs per year for up to three years to exceptional students pursuing research-based work in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology fields. The fellowship is the oldest scholarship program specifically for those pursuing STEM-related graduate degrees. To be eligible, students must be United States citizens, nationals, or permanent residents. The National Science Foundation strongly encourages under represented members of the scientific community, including women, minorities, and people of color, to apply for the fellowship. Awards are given in all research-based STEM fields, including psychology and social sciences, as well as hard sciences.   George J. Mitchell Scholarship Annual Deadline: Late September, check website for exact date The George J. Mitchell Scholarship offers up to 12 United States students the opportunity to pursue a graduate degree at any institution in the Republic of Ireland or Northern Ireland. The scholarship includes full tuition, housing costs, and a monthly stipend for the duration of one year. To be eligible, applicants must be United States citizens between 18 and 30 years old, and they must hold a bachelor’s degree before beginning the Mitchell Scholarship program.   Churchill Scholarship Annual Deadline: Mid to Late October, check website for exact date The Churchill Scholarship provides 15 United States students with the opportunity to study for one year at the University of Cambridge’s Churchill College, the only STEM-focused college at Cambridge. The scholarship was established by Winston Churchill to promote scientific inquiry and exchange between the United States and the United Kingdom. Recipients of the award receive approximately $60,000, used to cover all tuition and fees, textbook expenses, accommodation, travel to and from the United States, and visa costs. Recipients are also eligible for an additional research stipend. To be eligible, students must be United States citizens, and they must be senior undergraduate students applying from a participating university. The complete list of participating universities can be found on the Churchill Scholarship website. In 2017, the Churchill Foundation launched the Kanders Churchill Scholarship in an attempt to bridge a growing gap between science and public policy. Citizenship requirements for the Kanders Churchill Scholarship remain the same, but applicants may apply from any university in the United States, so long as they hold a bachelor’s degree in a STEM field. Kanders Churchill Scholarship recipients will attend Churchill College while pursuing a Master’s in Public Policy. Application Tips and Tricks These awards are prestigious and highly sought after for a reason. The application processes can take months or even years to complete from start to finish, and the competition is tough. Here are a few tips to help guide you through the sometimes daunting search for grad school scholarships. Find your focus Don’t waste your time submitting rushed or unfocused applications. Instead, do your research, and determine which grad school scholarship is best for you. Focus your time and effort on making that application stand out. Ask for Help Many universities have started to employ full-time staff specifically to help students with post-graduate scholarship and fellowship applications. Even if your university doesn’t have this kind of staff available, you can search through your department for any professors or alumni that received prestigious awards and ask them for advice or mentorship. Utilize free university resources.  A school writing center can help you focus your ideas, while a resume workshop can help you polish up your list of accomplishments. Use the Process Remember, even if you aren’t chosen as a recipient, the application process for any of these awards can be a fulfilling experience that helps you identify your future goals. Treat it as a tool and get as much out of it as you can.

The American City Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The American City Business - Assignment Example Among the states, each has a unique legal system implemented except Louisiana that is based on English Common Law. The American population is approximately 307 million people. The population comprises of major ethnic groups coming all over the world (Chicago Business Journal 98). The foreign policy implemented in the United States in ways the country interacts with other foreign nations. Standard of interaction is set in organizations, corporations, and citizens as an individual. The United States has set goals regarding foreign policy. Such is stated in the Agenda on the Foreign policy of the US Department of State. The goals ascertain building a sustainable democracy. The prosperous life to benefit the people of America, as well as the international community. From the Foreign affairs House committee, export controls are some of the jurisdictions. Such mention the proper use of nuclear technology and measures are taken to safeguard business associated with America abroad. Agreement s on international commodity, education, and protection offered to American citizens abroad are stated on the policy. Moreover, the foreign policy faced lots of criticism both domestically and abroad as well praise in other regions. The said policy gets consent and advice of US Senate. The president has a role to negotiate treaties regarding foreign nations. Treaties are implemented upon ratification from two-thirds of the Senate. The president is the commander in chief of the United States Armed forces. He/she have authority over armed forces. However, the Congress only has the power to declare war. The foreign affairs docket is headed by United States Secretary as foreign minister. He /She has a role in conducting diplomacy. The president appoints both Secretary of the state as well as Ambassadors upon advice and consent from the Senate. Moreover, the Congress has the authority of regulating commerce with foreign countries (Chicago Business Journal 98).

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Employment Law - Essay Example â€Å"The federal law prohibiting sexual harassment in the workplace is Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, as amended.The law makes certain employers responsible for preventing and stopping sexual harassment that occurs on the job. The federal law acts very strictly against any complaint of sexual harassment taking place at the workplace. The law is very clear when it comes to such an act nothing is going to be tolerated and the perpetrator shall be given a sever fine and a penalty in lieu of the act committed by the offender after having been proved of doing so. 1. Stricter Guidelines at Office: Since prevention is the best cure, the best way this can be prevented and avoided is to inform all the employee in the workplace to stay within their limits or strict action would be taken against them 2. Tough Mechanisms: The law needs to be tougher on the mechanisms it deals with the art of solving such cases. The law needs to give more punishment to the offender and should try to set a greater and a stricter example 4. Option to leave: The law should provide an option to leave along with compensation to the employee who undergoes through such bad acts from the employer. The employee should have the distinction and the liberty to leave the job and the employer should provide adequate compensation and damages for creating an unfavourable environment in the office for the

Case Study - Early Alzheimers Essay Example for Free

Case Study Early Alzheimers Essay This paper reviews the use of cognitive rehabilitation treatment of early stage of dementia Alzheimer’s type. The case study examines a 72 year old male patient diagnosed with early stage dementia of Alzheimer’s Type. This study used visual imagery, as well as cues and expanding rehearsal during the cognitive rehabilitation. The evaluation of cognitive rehabilitation treatment included the psychological, physiological, neurological assessments and self-reports. Results suggested that extended use of cognitive rehabilitation treatment ensued longer lasting improved cognitive functioning.  With the results of the study discussed, implications suggest that combining longer treatment of cognitive rehabilitation could help reduce the progression of early onset dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type. Case Study Clare, Wilson, Carter, Hodges, and Adams (2001) studied a 74-year old single man, named â€Å"VJ† who lived with his sister in a single case study. VJ was formerly employed in the construction industry. VJ started to attend the memory clinic in 1993. He was then diagnosed having an early stage of dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT). His sister joined him at the clinic. The researchers started with a process called, cognitive rehabilitation (CR) intervention. Cognitive rehabilitation (CR) focuses on memory functioning. Although CR was at first developed for patients with traumatic brain injuries, it was proven to be efficient for people experiencing cognitive difficulties (Savage, 2009, p. 31). In order to define CR, it is necessary to define cognition. Katz and Hadas (1995) quote Lidz in defining cognition, â€Å"†¦as the individuals capacity to acquire and use information to adapt to environmental demands† (p. 9). Sigelman and Rider (2012) say that cognition is, â€Å"the activity of knowing and the process through which knowledge is acquired and problems solved† (p. 210). Cognitive rehabilitation is quoted by Katz and Hadas (1995) â€Å"†¦the therapeutic process of increasing or improving an individuals capacity to process and use incoming information so as to allow increased functioning in everyday life, this includes both methods to restore cognitive functioning and compensatory techniques (p. 29). Interventions aimed in CR are divided into remedial and adaptive/functional strategies (Katz Hadas, 1995). The main aim of the remedial strategy is the individuals impaired capabilities. The functional strategies are aimed to enhance the strengths of the individual for functioning. The assumption these two strategies are built upon is, â€Å"†¦that functional activities require cognitive perceptual skills†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Katz Hadas, 1995, p. 30) and cognitive impairments can be modified and treated in the adult dysfunctional brain which will enhance reorganisation or recovery of the brain. Based on these assumptions the remedial strategy is directed towards functional abilities by retraining perception skill components of behaviour, while the functional strategy in contrast assumes that the affected adult brain has limited recovery potential and that retraining of the brain should be focused on specific activities as required (Katz Hadas, 1995). The unique feature of all occupational therapy models, are the emphasis that treatment is based on purposeful activities that are analyzed and adapted to the patients cognitive and functional ability level. This therapy is not without controversy. As the critics of CR indicated, memory training for people with DAT increases frustration for the patients, because the improvement in cognition is short term (Clare et al. , 2001). Sigelman and Rider (2012) agree by saying, â€Å"†¦over time, individuals cannot recall even with the aid of cues and become increasingly frustrated† (p. 541). Neuroplasticity is possible before or in the early stages of AD, but diminishes in later phases of AD. Clare et al. 2001) found empirical research to prove that CR is an effective method of slowing the decline of cognitive functions in early AD. Questions about CR which remain to be answered include impact of CR on well-being and life quality, the ability to sustain longevity of gains in cognitive therapy and what type of contributions can CR make in AD? (Clare et al, 2001). Lately, â€Å"identifying cognitive markers of a preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a major research focus in neuropsychology† (Jacobson et al. 2009, p. 278). Cognitive Rehabilitation Intervention Clare and colleagues, (2001) predicted in theory, that the possibility cognitive rehabilitation may be responsible for the maintenance of memory gains over time. The researchers set to prove through long-term follow-up data that memory retraining had lasting effects and showed gains beyond the treatment sessions as demonstrated by previous cognitive rehabilitation studies. The researchers used 11 Polaroid photos of VJ’s club members to teach the face-name associations. This was performed by the method of combining visual imagery, vanishing cues, and expanding rehearsal (Clare et al. , 2001). The researchers took VJ to the familiar environment of the club to do generalisation sessions using the photos and found the initial recall was 20% and raised to 98% over time and became 100% at the one, three, six and nine months follow-up sessions. VJ practiced every day using the photographs. â€Å"In the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, free recall tasks are difficult but memory is good if cues to recall are provided†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sigelman Rider, 2012, p. 41), like the photos in this case study. After the ninth months, the researchers took the photos away to use them only once a month, at the club with VJ. VJ was to recall the first names of the people in the photos with zero feedback given to VJ. After the first and second year, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was completed. At the same times neuropsychological assessment were completed to evaluate the results of changes in cognitive functioning compared to the initial and post-intervention assessments. Several tests were used in the neuropsychological assessment such as the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); National Adult Reading Test (NART); Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM); Speed and Capacity of Language Processing (SCOLP); Visual Object and Space Perception Battery (VOSP); Unfamiliar Face Matching; Digit span, forwards and backwards; Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (RBMT); Doors and People; Famous Faces and Famous Names. Self-report measures were used as well to assess VJ’s perceptions of memory problems, behaviour, affect and VJ’s sister on caregiver strain. The following measures were used: Memory Symptoms Questionnaire; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) VJ’s sister rated herself on strain experienced (Clare et al. , 2001). The initial and post-intervention neuropsychological assessments shown VJ’s general cognitive abilities before he contracted DAT were in the high average ranges, his post-intervention scores were above average, though speed of processing was slower. VJ’s perceptual skills and processing of unfamiliar faces were in normal ranges. Memory was severely impaired, having difficulty recalling names of famous people. Overall there was not much of a change between the initial and post-intervention assessments, but only a mild decline in abstract reasoning and speed of processing information. While some of VJ’s cognitive functions remained the same, â€Å"†¦a gradual decline in abstract reasoning, speed of information processing, working memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory over the study period was evident. MMSE scores, too, showed a mild decline†¦assessment of coronal T1 images (MRI) revealed mild, but definite, bilateral hippocampal atrophy as indicated by enlargement of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and reduction in height of the hippocampal formation† (Clare et al. , 2001, p. 486-487). After all the results were taken in consideration it seems that this case study provides the evidence that long-term maintenance of specific gains can be achieved with a CR procedure. The use of CR in dementia was criticised as not being an intervention that can assure any gains beyond the treatment sessions. It is clear from the results of this study that this claim is untrue. Another case study in 2003 was done with the same interventions. The same results were found and support the finding that CR maybe a valuable comprehensive intervention for persons with early identified dementia of the Alzheimer type (Clare, Wilson, Carter, Hodges, 2003). Conclusions The results of this case study indicate the importance of length in cognitive rehabilitation for individuals diagnosed with early staged dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. The use of cognitive rehabilitation over an extended period of treatment allowed the researchers to evaluate the importance of visual imagery, recall and extended rehearsal strategies in treatment. The positive results indicated possible development in the treatment of diagnosed patients, as well as duration and techniques applied. Future studies will need to focus on the exact parameters of duration for treatment with cognitive rehabilitation in patients diagnosed with early stage dementia of Alzheimer’s Type. Implications arrived from the longevity of treatment could also improve the overall quality of treatment, evidence to substantiate financial support/funding for treatment and improve motivation and expectations from patients and family members. The importance to involve cognitive stimulation with patients diagnosed with early stages of Alzheimer’s disease is apparent in subsequent research and continues to be implicated in other similar cognitive dysfunctions.